Answer the questions

Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

 

 

 

1. Briefly describe each of the 4 theories of pain

 

specificity

pattern

gate-control

neuromatrix

 

 

2. Where is the gate, referred to in the gate control theory of pain, located?

 

 

 

3. Briefly describe each of the following:

 

A-delta fibers

Unmyelinated C fibers

A-beta fibers

 

 

Where in the central nervous system does pain perception occur?

 

 

What part of the brain provides the emotional response to pain?

 

 

6. Give examples of the following neurotransmitters:

 

excitatory

inhibitory

endogenous opioids

 

 

7. Briefly describe each of the following:

 

pain threshold

pain tolerance

 

 

8. Briefly describe each of the following types of acute pain:

 

nociceptive pain

somatic pain

visceral pain

referred pain

 

 

9. Briefly describe each of the following types of chronic pain:

 

chronic (persistent) pain

neuropathic pain

 

 

Give examples of (a) peripheral neuropathic pain and (b) central neuropathic pain.

 

 

Using Figure 16.8 and text description, describe in your own words the pathogenesis of fever.

 

 

What are the benefits of fever?

 

 

Which portions of the brain and which neurotransmitters are responsible for promoting wakefulness?

 

 

Which portions of the brain and which neurotransmitters are responsible for promoting sleep?

 

 

15. Briefly describe each of the following types of sleep disorders:

 

restless leg syndrome

obstructed sleep apnea

 

 

 

 

Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

 

 

 

Cognitive operations cannot occur without the functioning of which portion of the brain?

 

 

What is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction?

 

 

A sudden, explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons is termed _____.

 

 

4 What is a description consistent with a complex partial seizure?

 

 

 

Why is status epilepticus considered a medical emergency?

 

 

A seizure that starts in the fingers and progressively spreads up the arm and extends to the leg is known as a(n) _____ seizure.

 

 

_____ is the loss of speech or the loss of comprehension of spoken or written language.

 

 

With receptive dysphasia (fluent), what is the individual is able to do?

 

 

Tactile agnosia is related to injury of what part of the brain?

 

 

What are the characteristics of dementia?

 

 

Which neurologic disorder is characterized by cortical nerve cell processes that have become twisted and dilated?

 

 

Which dyskinesia involves involuntary movements of the face, trunk, and extremities?

 

 

Parkinson disease is a degenerative disorder of what structure?

 

 

Clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease are caused by a deficit in which neurotransmitter?

 

 

What pathologic alteration produces tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural abnormalities?

 

 

What are the clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease (PD)?

 

 

 

 

Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

 

 

 

What damage is most likely to occur to the brain in a classic cerebral concussion?

 

 

Which disorder has clinical manifestations that include decreased consciousness for up to 24 hours as well as retrograde and posttraumatic amnesia?

 

 

A herniation of which disk would likely result in motor and sensory changes of the lateral lower legs and soles of the feet?

 

 

Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of cluster headaches?

 

 

What is the central component of the pathogenic model of multiple sclerosis?

 

 

Atheromatous plaques are most commonly found where?

 

 

What is a description of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

 

 

What are the muscle weakness characteristics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

 

 

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)?

 

 

What is myasthenia gravis?

 

 

How are multiple sclerosis (MS) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) similar?

 

 

Chapter 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

 

 

 

Which nutritional deficiency in a pregnant woman is associated with neural tube defect (NTD)?

 

 

Which defects of neural tube closure are most common?

 

 

Children with phenylketonuria (PKU) are unable to synthesize what substances?

 

 

Benign febrile seizures are characterized by the presence of which disorders?

 

 

Reye syndrome is associated with children who have taken aspirin while experiencing which disorders?

 

 

Lead absorption in children causes anemia by impairing which metabolic process?

Chapter 19: Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

 

 

 

Which are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

 

 

Prenatal and perinatal factors that result in the onset of schizophrenia include:

 

 

Which neurotransmitter is reduced in people with schizophrenia?

 

 

Alterations in which part of the brain are linked to hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders associated with schizophrenia?

 

 

Which neurotransmitter receptors are blocked by antipsychotic drugs?

 

 

6. What data confer the link between bipolar disorders and schizophrenia?

 

 

 

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of individuals with:

 

 

The common property among the three types of medications used to treat depression is that they:

 

 

What is the link between major depression and cortisol secretion?

 

 

From 20% to 30% of individuals with depression have dysregulated:

 

 

A decrease in receptor binding for which neurotransmitter is found in depressed individuals?

 

 

What is thought to be the alteration produced by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) when treating individuals with depression?

 

 

Which electrolyte imbalance contributes to lithium toxicity?

 

 

Which neurotransmitter is inhibited in panic disorders?

 

 

Which neurotransmitter is inhibited in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

 

 

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is diagnosed when a person spends _____ months worrying excessively.

 

 

What are the most common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)?

 

 

What is a notable complication in panic disorder?

 

 

Persistent symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder include:

 

 

Hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and bizarre behavior occur with alterations in the: